ABSTRACT
The third gender, popularly known as 'hijra', is a gender non-conforming person residing in Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh granted legal recognition (LR) in 2013 to acknowledge them as a third gender. Thus, using an exploratory qualitative inquiry, the study sought to understand how LR affected the lives of the third gender community in the Khulna district of Bangladesh. Thirteen participants were selected following snowball sampling, and data were collected using in-depth interviews and key informant interviews. In the domain of socio-cultural dynamics, we found that the LR had enhanced the social participation of the third gender community and given them a sense of identity. On the contrary, within the domain of economic lives, the LR has not been able to change their economic situation. Moreover, in the third domain, we observed an improved situation for the third gender population in their right to vote and political participation, but in accessing healthcare facilities, inheritance, and legal services, LR remained unsatisfactory. The study recommends promoting acceptance and reducing social stigma towards the third gender community through awareness campaigns, providing professional training programs to enable their financial independence, and enacting laws to protect their rights in Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT
A total number of 100 patients were examined over a period of one year to find out any correlation between diabetic maculopathy and diabetic nephropathy. Twenty-two belonged to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus group and 78 patients were in the non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus group who were suffering from diabetes over a period of 0-25 years and more. Another group comprising 6 patients were chosen from these 100 patients who were suffering from nephropathy diagnosed clinically and on pathological investigations. Background and proliferative--both types of diabetic retinopathy were found with increased incidence with the persistence of the disease in both types of diabetes mellitus. Nine patients had diabetic maculopathy, out of which 6 patients (66.66%) were suffering from diabetic nephropathy. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is more common in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus than in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus of more than 25 years of duration. Maculopathy is more common in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and there is strong correlation between diabetic maculopathy and diabetic nephropathy.
